5 computer generations Exist till Date Now. Each generation has been discussed in detail in this article.

►   First Generation

The Time period of first generation was 1946-1959. The first generation used vacuum tubes as basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU. These tubes, produced a lot of heat they were expensive and could only be afforded only by large organizations. In this generation usually batch processing OS were used. Punched cards, magnetic tape and paper tapes were used as I/O devices. The machine code was used in this generation as programming language.

The main features of first generation are:

§  Vacuum tube were used

§  Unreliable

§  Consume lot of electricity

§  Only machine language supported

§  Very costly

§  Generated lot of heat

§  Slow I/O devices

§  Their size was Huge size

§  Non-portable

                           

Some computers of this generation were:

§  UNIVAC

§  IBM-701

  §  IBM-650  

►   Second Generation

The Time period of 2^nd generation was 1959-1965. Transistors were used in this generation that were consumed less power and were cheaper, more compact in size then 1^st generation, faster and reliable then the first generation. Magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic disks and magnetic tape were used as secondary storage devices in this generation. Assembly language and high-level programming languages like COBOL, FORTRAN were used in 2^nd generation. The computers used multiprogramming OS and batch processing.

                                       

The main features of second generation are:

v  Transistors were used

v  Reliable as compare to 1^st  generation computers

v  Smaller in size then first generation computers

v  Generated less amount of heat as compared to 1^st  generation computers

v  Consumed less amount electricity as compared to 1^st  generation computers

v  Faster than 1^st generation computers

v  Very costly

v  A.C. needed

v  Supported assembly and machine languages

Some computers of this generation were:

§  IBM 1620

§  IBM 7094

§  CDC 3600

►   Third Generation

The Time period of 3^rd generation was 1965-1971. Integrated circuits (IC's) were used in place of transistors. A single IC chip has many resistors, capacitors and transistors. The development of IC made size of computers smaller and made them reliable and efficient. Remote processing, multi-programming OS, time-sharing, were used in this generation. High-level languages like FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL, BASIC, etc. were used in this generation

The main features of third generation are:

                                 

v  IC were used

v  More reliable than previous two generations

v  Smaller size than previous two generations

v  Generated less heat

v  Faster

v  Need Lesser maintenance

v  Costly

v  Consumed lesser electricity than previous two generations

v  Supported high-level language

Some computers of this generation were:

§  IBM-360 series

§  IBM-370/168

§  PDP(Personal Data Processor)

 
►   Fourth Generation

The time period of 4^th generation was 1971-1980. The 4^th generation computers used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits have about 5000 transistors and other elements and associated circuits on a single chip. VLSI circuits made it possible to have microcomputers of 4^th generation. 4^th generation computers became more reliable, compact, powerful, and affordable. And it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. In this generation real time, time sharing, networks, distributed OS were used. All the high-level languages were used in this generation like C, C++ and DBASE etc.

The main features of fourth generation are:

                                           

v  VLSI were used

v  They are Very cheap

v  Reliable and Portable

v  Use of Personal Computers

v  Very small size

v  Internet was introduced

v  Computers became easily available

                                        

Some computers of this generation were:

§  STAR 1000

§  PDP 11

§  CRAY-1(Super Computer)

►   Fifth Generation

The time period of 5th generation is 1980-till date. In the 5^th generation, VLSI technology turned into ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the development of microprocessor chips having 10million electronic components. This generation is based on AI (Artificial Intelligence) software and parallel processing hardware. All the high-level languages are used in this generation like C and C++, Java, .Net etc.

                                              

The main features of fifth generation are:

v  ULSI technology

v  Development of true artificial intelligence

v  Development of Natural language processing

v  Advancement in Parallel Processing

v  Advancement in Superconductor technology

v  More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features

v  Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates

                                                                 

Some computer types of this generation are:

§  Desktop

§  Laptop

§  NoteBook

19:47

Complete History Present and Future of Opera and advantages of opera and disadvantages of other browsers

Introduction

Opera browser is owned by opera software. In 2016, opera browser receives bronze medal and it ranked 3rd among the top ten browser of the current year. Its annual sales or revenue is 4.97 billion $, and 1565 employees are currently working on it. Opera is still the runaway favorite for the mobile browser. It controls fully 21 percent of the mobile market with iPhone a close second at 19 percent. Outside of the US, it is a different story, though. In Africa, Opera Mobile is the favorite by 67 percent, in Asia it holds 41 percent, so that’s how Opera has won so big in the mobile market

Past of Opera

Opera began in 1994 as a research project at Telenor. In 1995, it branched out into a separate company named Opera Software. Opera was first released publicly with version 2.0 in 1996.which only ran on Microsoft Windows. Project to release Opera to mobile device platforms was started in 1998. Opera 4.0, released in 2000, included a new cross-platform core that facilitated creation of editions of Opera for multiple operating systems and platforms. Version 5.0 was released in 2000, Opera became ad-sponsored, displaying advertisements to users who had not paid for it. With version 8.5 was released in 2005 the advertisements were removed entirely and primary financial support for the browser came through revenue from Google which is by contract Opera's default search engine. Among the new features introduced, fraud protection in version 9.1 was released in 2006 A new JavaScript engine called Carakan was introduced with version 10.5 and made opera more than seven times faster in SunSpider than Opera 10.1 on 16 December 2010, Opera 11 was released On 28 May 2013, a beta release of Opera 15 was made available, the first version based on the Chromium project. Many distinctive features of the previous versions were dropped, and Opera Mail was separated into a standalone application derived from Opera 12.On 20 April 2016, Opera announced that free VPN is integrated in the developer's browser to support the private network.

Present of Opera

Latest version of Opera was released in November 23, 2016 was 41.0.2353.69. Previous release, Beta 41.0.2353 was released in 30 October 22, 2016. Opera browser is written in C++ language and is available for different Operating system i.e. Windows, macOS, Linux. Opera is using powerful Engines like Blink and V8, Presto was used in Version 12 and before. Opera is Available in 42 languages. In July 2016, the Opera browser was sold to Qihoo for $600 million.On 4 November 2016 Golden Brick Capital including Qihoo completed the acquisition. Opera offers a wide range of product. Users can choose the product for their use suitable for their work and needs. Products of opera are:

§  Opera

§  Opera Min

§  Opera Beta

§  Opera Developer

§  Opera Coast

§  Opera portable

§  Opera for Mac

§  Opera for Linux

§  Opera for Windows

Future of Opera

Why it isn't bound for extinction. Browsers need to start afresh to satisfy the surfing needs of the future, claims the team behind the Opera.

Opera Coast is a leader in the growing trend to remove distractions between you the user and your favorite online content, treating websites like apps and tossing out 20 years of legacy features. Opera Coast is based on touch gestures, with nearly no buttons. It puts content front and center, keeping technology “under the hood” and giving websites the screen’s full real estate.

says Huib Kleinhout, (Product Manager for Opera Coast at Opera Software)

“Great content is what drives the web, and it’s what should drive a great web browser. We want to take our commitment to content a step further in the latest edition of Opera Coast”

PROS. OF OPERA

1)      It makes internet browsing faster , even on slow connections with Opera Turbo

2)      It have a built-in Add blocker and free VPN and battery saver mode.

3)      Many features incorporated into both Chrome and Firefox originated in Opera browser

4)      Opera utilizes visual tabs which contain thumbnails of each tabs current page

5)      Opera as it is arguably the most secure browser on the market.

6)      Opera has fast web page downloading , It is the latest in browser technology allowing the users to speed through the web pages

7)    It has features mouse gestures, making browsing experience more fun.

8)    Opera Browser is light , So , It does not take a large enough hard drive memory on a notebook or PC

9)      Opera offers different product for different users one can select the product suitable for them.

10)  Opera portable browser enables user to run the opera browser from USB

CONS. OF OTHERS

1)      Chrome consume a much space in RAM causing the CPU to slowdown

2)      There are some compatibility issues, not all websites are compatible with Mozilla Firefox, Some websites do not show properly in this browser and require the user to view them with IE, It has slow initial boot time, it has known for high CPU memory usage.

3)      Safari has lack of customization options that many competitors offer and Safari has lack of customization options that many competitors offer

4)      UC Browser is fast, but According most analyst it still isn’t fastest than its toughest competitor i.e. Opera Mini

            5)      One of the biggest issues with Edge is its lack of extension support. Those who want to                      install plugins will have to

            6)      Internet Explorer is less secure than other browsers, It becomes buggy easily and it is                       targeted by the hackers. It is considered slower than other browsers

Conclusions….

Opera have always strive to develop superior products and services for our users around the world, through state-of-the-art technology, innovation, leadership and partnerships. Opera believe that an open, connected world powered by great technology and services is essential to break down barriers that limit access to information, education and fun. It manages to stay on par with the competition with its robust feature set, advanced security protocols and rapid speeds. Its goal is to improve communication for the benefit of everyone. Opera believes in doing more on the web, with a fast and secure browser!

11:47

1.    What is trust? It could be a feeling or a cause or effect by definition trust is a firm belief in reliability, truth and ability of strength of someone or something but can we define trust on a piece of paper actually Trust is a complicated concept, and the word is overloaded with many meanings.

2.    Trust is essential for society to function our civilization would collapse completely without it and the fact is that we don’t think about how trust is essential for society and how it is acting as a backbone of our society

3.    There a personal and intimate type of trust. When we say that we trust a friend, or a sibling, we are talking less about their specific actions and more about the person

4.    Our trust in another individual can be grounded in our evaluation of his/her ability, integrity, and benevolence. That is, the more we observe these characteristics in another person, our level of trust in that person is likely to grow.

.   And in a society we need to trust not only people, but institutions and systems also. For example It not so much that we trusted the particular pilot, but it’s the airline that we trust that produces well-trained and well-rested pilots according to some schedule Similarly, when we deposit our money in a bank it’s an another interesting exercise of trust it less that we trusted that particular person or bank and but actually we trusted the national banking system and we know our money is safe in the bank because we trust national banking system

6.    When we get into the taxicab, we don’t know the driver intentions. We don’t know him as a person he could have been a bank robber by night or a terrorist. But people trust him, for the specific interaction of taxi driver and passenger that he would behave in a trustworthy manner. And taxi driver trust the passenger to do the same. This is a much more limited form of trust. Maybe it’s more confidence than trust, and maybe the driver actions are more like compliance than trustworthiness, but it the type of trust that makes society function. I like to call this sort of trust cooperation

7.    Even the law is a blunt instrument that cannot efficiently produce the kind of social order that comes from the existence of trusting relations in a group or society

8.    The need for trust arises from our interdependence with others. Some time we depend on other people to help us obtain the outcomes we value and they rely on us. As our interests with others are connected, we also must recognize that there is an element of risk involved in trusting someone as we often encounter situations in which we cannot compel the cooperation we seek. Therefore, trust can be very valuable in social interactions.

9.    The media can play an important role in the trust building process and media should play its part by using news reporting as a way to increase the trust factor in society media can create and report stories, which build trust by featuring common identities and showing positive side of society

And in the end I will think that success and the failure society has lot to with trust 

 

11:24